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Ephesus
In 334 B.C. Ephesus was
conquered by Alexander the Great who initiated the reconstruction of the
temple which had been set on fire by Hierostatus on the very night that
the Macedonian champion was born. Ephesus became a great capital of Asia
Minor after 133 B.C. when it became subject to Rome,and it also evolved
as a centre for commerce.Amongst all the Roman-dominated cities in
Anatolia, Ephesus certainly has the best preserved and appreciated
monuments but above all it is the city where the quality of Roman life
can still be breathed today, and where one can form an impression of
what life was like at that time.
Goths from Crimea conquered the city and looted the Temple of Artemis,
then considered to be one of the wonders of the ancient world, and the
city’s decline dates from then. It was from here that first Paul the
Apostle and then John began to spread Christianity. St Paul, who came
from Tarsus, spent three years at Ephesus and founded the first of the
seven churches mentioned in the Book of Revelations, before being ousted
by Ephesian silversmiths. St. John lived here with the Virgin Mary while
he wrote his gospel. In 100 A.D. St John was buried in the city and
Justinian erected a basilica over his tomb.
In 431 A.D. Theodosius II
convened the Third Council at Ephesus, during which the Nestorian heresy
was condemned and the Virgin Mary’s divine maternity affirmed. The
Library of Celsus, reconstructed by Austrian archaeologists, is without
doubt one of Ephesus’ more important monuments. It was erected by
Tiberius Julius Aquila in memory of his father, Julius Celsus Polimeanus
(proconsul in Asia) in 135 A.D. His Sarcophagus, of fine carved marble,
is situated in the funerary chamber underneath the library. The two-storied
building has a sumptuously decorated facade with Corinthian columns and
capitals together with niches filled with statues representing Wisdom
and Intelligence. Three doors lead into the great reading Bedroom, which
in antiquity had a wooden roof, and where, in the centre, there stood a
statue of Athena. The marble-lined aligned walls contained niches where
the parchment scrolls were kept. At that time the library’s collection
amounted to around twelve thousand scrolls. Hollow spaces were
constructed behind the walls (a great engineering feat) preventing damp
from damaging the scrolls.
The main road, the street
of the Curetes, runs through the centre between the Library of Celsus
and the Agora. Numerous buildings gave onto this street which was paved
in marble and stone. On each side there was a colonnaded portico behind
which galleries paved with mosaics provided access to private dwellings,
shops and workshops. Some of the inscriptions on the columns are clearly
visible, adjacent to statues of citizens who contributed towards the
birth of the city.
The Large Theatre is
Ephesus’ most picturesque monu-ment, its elevated position dominates the
entire valley and it could seat over 20.000 people on sixty-six rows of
steps. It was built by the Romans in the first century A.D.on the
remains of a Greek theatre during the reign of Claudius and it was
modified under Nero. Like all theatres it had a cavea (one hundred and
fifty four metres in diameter), orchestra (thirty-four metres in
diameter), and stage (eighteen metres high). If the Buletos met in the
Odeum, this was the meeting place for the Demos, the peoples’ assembly
of male citizens. It was in this great theatre that Ephesian
silversmiths who worshipped the Goddess Artemis revolted against St Paul
and his followers, forcing them to leave Ephesus. The theatre’s facade
was ornate: there were three rows of columns with niches and statues and
the galleried entrances to the theatre are still visible today. Not far
from the Odeon are the remains of the monu-ment to Memmius, commissioned
by Augustus in the I century B.C. to honour Cornelius Siila’s grandchild.
Hadrian’s Temple, in the
Corinthian style, was built along the Street of the Curetes in 138 A.D.
and was restored by Austrian archaeologists. It is one of Ephesus’ most
attractive and elegant monuments. The four Corinthian columns in the
centre support a finely decorated pediment in the centre of which is an
elegant female bust: Tyche, the goddess who was the guardian of the city.
Above the temple door leading to the celia there is a highly decorated
tympanum with a sculpture representing Medusa. On the facade, in front
of the columns, four statue bases have survived with the inscriptions of
the names of four emperors: Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius and
Constantius Chlorus. In the cella there is a plinth that at one time
supported a statue of Hadrian. On an architrave there is an inscription
that the temple was dedicated to the Emperor “Divo Adriano” by P
Quintilius.The Dwellings on the Slope, also called the Slope Palaces,
were luxurious houses of the rich. They were built on the slopes of
Mount Phion and they have an unusual structure as the roof of each house
forms the terrace of the next. Almost all of them had three storeys and
they were constructed around a peristyle (a courtyard with a columned
portico), with a central fountain. The floors were paved with mosaics
and almost all the walls frescoed with scenes from mythology. Two of
these can be seen, one next to the other, which have been completely
restored. The first house dates from the first century A.D. as does the
second which has two peristyles and which was restored and modified up
to the seventh century. Continuing along the street of the Curetes,
behind the Bathrooms of Scholasticia, there is a further house with an
atrium, which was a Brothel. Nothing remains of the first floor, but on
the ground floor some of the walls have retained their frescoes. The
mosaic on the floor of the dining Bedroom represents the four seasons.
The Bathrooms were equipped with hot water and at the back there is a
pool with mosaics featuring a woman, a mouse and a slave. During
restoration work a terracotta statue of Priapus with an enormous phallus
was found and it can now be seen in Ephesus’ museum. A few Ionian
columns and a perfecdy restored wall survive from the Church of the
Virgin Mary. This is an important church for Christians because it was
the first church to be dedicated to the Virgin Mary. The Ecumenical
Council convened by Theodosius II proclaiming the Immaculate Conception
of the Virgin Mary in 431 A.D. was also held in this basilica. The
Church of the Virgin or the Basilica of the Council was erected in the
fourth century using the foundations of a second century B.C. basilica
structure called the Museion. Three naves with columns and balustas were
added together with a circular baptistery with a central font. Some of
the floor slabs bear inscriptions and others are decorated. The marble
omphalon, in the centre of the Church, was brought from the Bathrooms of
the Port.
E mail :
info@kusadasileather.com
Barbaros Hayrettin Pasa Bulvari No:57/A
09400
Kusadasi -
TURKİYE
Tlf : 009 0 256 614 65 56
Fax : 009 0 256 614 57 37
Gsm : 009 0 532 711
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